01
Begin comparison symmetrically
Kenneth Pomeranz’s Great Divergence changed the question by comparing advanced regions on the same scale before explaining different industrial outcomes.
02
Frontiers are not empty edges
Peter Perdue’s work joins environment, conquest, population, and Eurasian space, challenging histories contained within the agricultural heartland.
03
Models should open debate
Mark Elvin’s high-level equilibrium trap is valuable partly because it created a problem others could test, revise, or reject. Agenda-setting arguments need a visible afterlife of correction.